How much calcium children need?

Calcium is an essential element: a part of the bones, plays an important role in the smooth muscle tone and the excitability of nerves ios and intervenes in some metabolic processes.

In the first few months does not usually miss. Among the first day and six months of life, the baby needs 400 mg per day, but this amount is provided by breast milk or formula.

From the sixth month until the first year, needs the increase to 600 mg and the baby gets smoothly with two shots of milk and cereals with papillas.

Between one and ten years
Since the year until the tenth birthday, the diet must provide 800 mg of calcium per day.

How do you get?
They provide 140 mg the following dishes: An individual flan, 2 balls of ice cream, a dessert ladle of milk or mousse, 1 yogurt, petit suisse 3, 5 egg yolks, 100 grams of dried figs, a dish tureen vegetables, a dish plenty of spinach beet or broccoli, 1 / 2 cup beaten cocoa, 1 / 2 ration of white sauce, 1 slice of pizza, cheeseburger 1.

They provide 250 mg: A glass of milk, 100 grams of fresh cheese, 30 grams of cheese or feta cheese 30 g Ball, 20 almonds, 100 grams of milk chocolate and sugar, 1 bream or sole medium-sized. Two food in the first group and two of the second covering the need of calcium daily.

Although calcium is essential, we must not atiborrar to small food containing it. An excess of this element can inhibit the absorption of other minerals also important to the agency.

The prostate and difficulties erect

Only in cases of prosthetic surgery for abdominal problems can be upright.
The prostate serves as a liquid to provide semen to sperm bathe and feed on it.

The most common problem for which they have consulted specialist doctors (urologists) is prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate acute or chronic), which is easy solution today thanks to treatment with antibiotics and anti-inflammatory.

Another common problem is the benign prostate adenoma, which is an abnormal growth of cells within it, which can compress the urethra to hamper the output of urine and favoring his retention in the bladder.
If not treated properly, the bladder and urinary rest of the tree (ureters and kidneys) tend to widen with the ensuing problems.

Prevention
Moreover, the prostate tends to grow larger as the aging man: an enlarged experiencing more than twenty percent of men of about sixty years.
Yet it is not clear why it occurs but, given the inconvenience it brings and the possibility (not too often) that it is a malignant process, it is appropriate that all men older than fifty years undergo a precautionary examination annum.

It is important to identify and correct these problems early, and after that can cause severe urinary disorders. Its correct diagnosis requires a direct examination of the prostate (through the DRE) and studies of specific antibodies for this type of cancer (PSA).

Unfortunately, often tries to avoid this examination and consultation too late, by the fears and anxieties that awakens in men. So should urologist and patient pre-talk about the characteristics of this study to dispel any doubts.

Anyway, is very rare that the prostate produces sexual problems. Only if surgery prosthetic (prostactectomías abdominal) may have difficulties erect for injury to nerve sparing approach.

In addition, in all cases of surgery, both through penile as abdominal abnormalities may occur in ejaculation. This is retrograde ejaculation, which involves the removal of sperm into the bladder, because they can not leave driven forward.
Even in these cases, not lost the pleasurable sensations of the male orgasm.

Trying to win without sex

The sexual desire and enjoyment vary greatly during pregnancy, not just one woman to another but also within the same across different stages.
Investigations show that pregnant women are generally produces a decline in sexual interest during the first quarter (especially if you suffer from fatigue and nausea), followed by an increase in the second quarter and then another decline in the third.

In the first quarter women live sensations and attitudes are very different compared to sex, but in most there is a decrease in desire and intensity of orgasm from the time that pregnancy is confirmed.

The causes are varied
One is the principle that there is a series of unpleasant symptoms: nausea, vomiting, insomnia, fatigue, which often leave little room to sexual desire.

These are due to the influence of hormones that feed the embryo (placental progesterone and other hormones).

Improve teacher student relationship

A bad relationship with the teacher may be the cause of poor performance in school.

■ The widespread belief that educators are being "special", able to dominate their preferences or dislikes, is not always borne out in reality.

■ The loves and hatreds between students and teachers are quite common during the years of secondary. Sometimes, these "passions" are being felt in the success or failure of performance.

■ Parents have to help our children to adapt to different situations and people, no matter how unpleasant they them.

Laugh with your children, not them

So that our children learn to be teasing sportingly, it is essential to give them the example.
Laughing with them is fine, but laughing at them is forbidden.

The language is a wonderful tool that should be used with care. Sometimes, we miss some sarcastic comment or a mocking phrase in relation to children.

This, far from harmless, can seriously wounded. We must walk with care and reverse when we see the face of the boy said "enough" ...

What to do if your child makes fun of others

It may be that our son is not the victim of history, but he who mocks others.
If this is a persistent and unreasonable attitude, we should analyze what is happening in the family dynamics or investigate whether any conflict of his inner world could be driven to ensañamiento with others.

The jealousy on the birth of a brother, disagreements among parents, school failure ... anguish that may occur later channelled through a verbal aggressive attitude.
If necessary, we should consult a psychologist.

Why children are ashamed?

The feeling of modesty wakes up in the boys about five years. Suddenly, are ashamed of their own nakedness and do not want to be seen without clothes. not even by their parents or siblings.

This is a normal phase, which means that it has reached a certain level of evolution: it is now recognized himself as a person separate and distinct from the others and can imagine how they see the others.

In addition, feels his own body and wants to decide who may look or touch. During, we must respect his modesty, not to mock him or force him to appear naked against his will.
Usually something passenger, forwards after a few years and reappears at puberty.

How to eliminate foot odor

When your feet can not sweat, sweat accumulated cause odor.
To avoid this, we must fit the child properly, shoes with breathable materials such as leather or fabric.
The boy must have at least two pairs so that you can switch and allow to air for at least 24 hours after use.

Once a day should also mean change. These must be made with natural fibers such as cotton, which absorbs excess moisture, and better if they are white, as some colors irritate the skin and increase perspiration. Of course, the small feet should be washed daily.

Then, dry them well and be sprayed with talc. It is not good use perfumed soaps or powders, which can stimulate the glands responsible for segregating sweat. If that does not work, you can buy a special templates that absorb the smell.

Listen to your child care increases

To try to educate them without relying on one's own example is
a waste of time, there is evidence that at this age who is learning more from their parents.

■ When the boy is counting something, we must give full attention. If not, at any time will have every right to engage in his story when he wants to say something.

■ If, for lack of time, during the conversation we need to fix a chopping vegetables or switch, he did not ask the child if more do not care about what was heard until completion of such activity.

■ As important as verbal communication is non-verbal. We should try that looks to be crossed during the conversation, which greatly strengthens the attention; sit on the lap or keep their hands between ours.

If a child does not play is a sign of alarm

It is usual that a healthy and happy kid wants to play at any time of day. If we observe that never fails to demonstrate interest in this type of activity, we suspect, according to the psychologist-Marina Martinez Cubells, that:

■ Perhaps in the family there is excessive attention to a problem. That tension faced by small interrupted him his game.

■ If we put a disproportionate number of real stimuli for their age, we limit their desire to fantasize.

■ In the case of observing that it has no interest in investigating, which does not carry out symbolic games and showing passivity, we must consult with the specialist, because it can have an organic alteration or emotional difficulty.

What to do in a burn a child?

When a burn, we must refresh immediately in cold water. It is best to place the affected area under the faucet for 20 to 30 minutes. They prevent damage from spreading and at the same time, calm the pain.
Then, if the burn is large or affects feet, hands, joints, genitals or face, we must bring the child to a medical center.

It is important not to apply ointment on the wound-best first consulting your doctor or pharmacist-ointments or resort to homemade as toothpaste, oil or lard.

Finally, blisters should not resale, since it will protect the wound infections and accelerate the healing process.

How to heal minor injuries in children?

Small wounds (scratches, cuts, stalks) should be washed with water, placing them under the faucet. Then we must try to remove particles and foreign bodies, if any, using some tweezers previously disinfected with alcohol.

Then you should use a product disinfectant, as tincture of iodine, and finally cover the wound with a sterile dressing, to avoid soiling again and infected.

In the cuts, the dressing should be placed at right angles to the wound, joining the edges of it to heal before. It is important to wash your hands very well (preferably with alcohol) before proceeding to cure the injury.

10 tips for parents inexperienced

1 - Ask what the worry, it may seem insignificant and absurd. The pediatrician is the right person to resolve the doubts.

2 - Accept the help offered relatives, friends and neighbors. They can handle a few days of shopping, clothes withdraw from the dry cleaning or walk the dog.

3 - mutual aid. In particular, parents should take turns to meet the baby during the night.

4 - Have the point regalia newborn well in advance. It is advisable not to leave many things to the last moment.

5 - Do not shy away at the slightest symptoms. The most frequent in the newborn (hiccups, sneezing, coughing, regurgitation) are usually harmless.

6 - Read books and magazines. The more informed they are, the better may react to any unforeseen.

7 - Limiting the most visits, without remorse. It used the spare time to replenish energy.

8 - Forgetting for a time schedules and customs. The arrival of baby completely alter the family's routine.

9 - Share with our partner's concerns and worries. Talking about it helps dispel the fears.

10 - Be patient. The first six weeks were an adjustment period for both parents and the baby.

Does not approve the friends of your children?

Our daughter had invited a friend to play home and see that the newcomer gives jumps in armchairs, aims to draw fish in an aquarium, dirty wall with their hands enchastradas chocolate, he sticks to more chiquito the house. .. What can we do?

Very demanding?
The first step is that we should gauge whether their behavior is really intolerable, or simply clashes with some peculiar standard of our home. If it is the latter, think a bit before reacting.
Our guest unknown what criteria governing in our family: we have to explain what if we see that the viola and, perhaps, remind him that it is wrong to talk or shouting cleaned their hands on the tablecloth, for example.

Get your facts straight
If the discomfort is more serious, we do not have an obligation to support them, of course.
We ask ourselves if our right is a friend suitable for our daughter, but act with prudence. We must appreciate the importance of friendship and if this is really bad for our daughter (rarely will happen in younger children) or just annoying to us.

In the latter case, obremos tactfully without offending the friends or harm their friendship.

With diplomacy
If we are clever in dealing with children, perhaps we can win the visitor uncomfortable combining respect for the rules of complicity with winks and blandishments.
It's also possible to talk with their parents and, with a touch of diplomacy, to achieve their collaboration on the forthcoming visit has more harmony.

What is herpes zoster?

You can only take someone who has had chickenpox and it differs from that in herpes lesions (blisters) are shaped bouquet and in small groups committing nerves.

When they settle in, often produce intense pain, which lingers long after the injuries that have disappeared.

Varicella - highly contagious disease Eruptiva

Very contagious
Chickenpox is a highly contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus. Once suffered, the virus remains dormant in the body and face certain circumstances, can be reactivated and trigger a herpes zoster (see box).

The contagion occurs several days before symptoms appear, this incubation period can last between 10 and 21 days, with an average of 16 days. His high contagiosidad causes the virus to spread very easily.
Usually, when the child coughs, viruses are spread everywhere. It is said that with a stroke of the microdroplets cough can travel by air up to seven meters.

But the contagion is not only caused by respiratory secretions but also by
contact with the contents of the blisters. This power of contagion becomes more important two days before the onset of symptoms and blisters while persist intact.
When the crusts are only child not more contagious.

Which is the largest twin brother?

What is it? The first born? Does the first in shape?
Much has been said about that first birth is the lowest and the highest last. None of that is true. For the law, the first born, is undoubtedly the largest. Simple question of logic. In biology, everything is possible.

In the case of identical twins, generated from a single fertilized egg, both biologically-be-equal in age, and that his life began simultaneously.

If these are simple twins, the product of fertilization of two different eggs by two different sperm, there is-to-date any possibility of knowing if the fertilization was simultaneous or deferred.

And in the case of in vitro fertilization?
Even if, as in the case particularísimo of in vitro fertilization, we know exactly the time at which each egg was inseminated and the time at which each embryo was transferred to the interior of the uterus, we will never know which is which at the time of birth. That figure could only be made known whether a biopsy for genetic study of the embryo before transferring to the uterus, something-for now-is only possible in very limited. Most countries where technically feasible, the laws are very strict regarding the possibility of the so-called "pre-implantational biopsy of embryos.

Almost science fiction. Hence, not to discuss more: the first birth is the largest, but in reality was the ultimate gesture.

The babies have nightmares?

While sleeping, babies go through statements and pleasant displacenteros. Some authors relate this with the dream and, if the human dream has beautiful dreams and ugly, also have babies.

For the vast majority of specialists, the dream has therapeutic effect, it would try to metabolize life experiences daytime.
For that reason, it is advisable not interrupt, except that the nightmare is so intense that join the baby in much anguish, and then it is advisable to wake up.

Rents, which makes the landlord and tenant

If the tenant leaves the building rented, does the owner may enter it?

■ The signing of the lease of a property-house, department-implies that the landlord gives the tenant possession of it. This is symbolized to make delivery of the keys, which means locador for the exclusive right to use and inhabit that rented housing.

■ Abandonment of housing
If after the expiry of the contract or for the duration of this, the tenant leaves the building without making formal handing over of the keys to locador, it can not enter his mind on his property.

■ Authorization court
In this circumstance, to recover possession of the house or apartment of their property, the tenant must
seek judicial authorization. If entered wrongly, could be accused of the crime of theft. It is thus apparent that the abandonment of leased property could be denied by the tenant if reappears.

The dangers of the sun

Although summer is expected by all to enjoy the outdoors and nature, we must take into account certain care, precautions against the sun. In this sense, dermatologists are rounded to advise not direct exposure to it.

The most important cause of skin cancer, is the sun. It is also responsible for the stains actin, freckles that until some time ago, were regarded as a sign of old age betrays. For the problems of the sun, have joined in recent times, those caused by ultraviolet lamps and sunbeds. The greatest danger lies in the action of ultraviolet rays, which are considered carcinogenic, and altering the DNA of the nucleus of the epidermal cells, thus causing them to divide and multiply in improperly giving rise to tumors.

While the body has mechanisms to repair the damage caused by ultraviolet rays, they may fail, either by genetic causes or a repeated sun exposure, which multiplies the damage and difficult to repair naturally.

Of course in skin cancer, also has much to do in the same color and inheritance. The melanin (the pigment that gives color to the skin), is a natural sun screen: there are the more melanin, the lower the risk of any disease of this kind.

After years of exposure to the sun so long, the damage becomes more visible with the appearance of stains squamous lesions called keratosis.

These injuries are a precancerous. Generally occur in regions unprotected by clothing, and may become malignant and invade neighboring tissue. The carcinomas can be basal cell or thorny, the first of these, only invasion of both local and time taken can be treated successfully.

The sun also alters the immune system inactivate the functioning of the cells of Langerhans. Hence, decreasing defense mechanisms harmful substances may enter the body and prevent the white blood cells reject.

In addition to all these injuries, the sun produces other as erythema or reddening of the skin, red spots, which are caused by dilation of capillaries, photoallergy, which is evidenced by erythema or watery blisters content.

For all this, the sunscreen is essential and depends on the type of skin that everyone has.

Take sun and get a good tan

Always Keep in mind these recommendations when it comes to exposing oneself to the sun.

Always use sunscreen. We recommend placing solar screens in the area of the eyelids and on the path naso geniano (which runs from nose to the angle of the mouth) because there we found a much thinner skin.

The area of the mouth must also be protected with bars with lip protection.

The eyes should be protected with dark glasses and should never look directly at the sun. Presentations too intense, favor the aging of the lens and heighten the risk of cataracts.

The hair is also damaged and thus requires special care. There are special creams for use in hair before sun exposure.

It is advisable to listen to the weather forecast to know what the rate of solar radiation in the day when we feel exposed to the sun. Also, we will know what level of protection we will use.

Regarding the position for sunbathing, the horizontal is the most damaging. It is recommended to be the shortest possible time lying in the sun. The best sun can take walking or doing any sport.

We should bear in mind also that when summer somewhere in the heights sun is closer and the atmospheric layer is weaker protectors require special and specific.

We sunbathing away from the noon hours that are more solar radiation.

Pay special attention and care to children, their skin is very sensitive to sunlight. Apply it sunscreen, and children under one year avoids taking them to the beach, since only the glow of the sand affects your skin and it is not advisable to spread the baby with protectors.

With these precautions, you can enjoy much better your vacation and your family, winning in quality of life for all.

Why dogs attack children

Sometimes, they do only because they are afraid, they're scared or because they feel unsafe, then consider that the best form of defence is attack. And because they have no hands, are defended with their teeth.

One of the reasons why so many children suffer from attacks by dogs, is because they behave in a manner other than that they do adults.

Small tend to be more spontaneous, more outrageous and unpredictable. Scream, scream, and generally have an attitude that puzzled reaction to these animals, more than anything else if not usually coexist with them.

So watch out for dogs of grandparents, friends, neighbours or without children. Especially when we go to his house, since we are in its territory, in which dogs take as its main task to protect it. So then, become much more susceptible.

Parents must be fully aware of this, and also let them know their children, making the following recommendations:

Never alone must tread a property guarded by a dog that is not theirs, even though you know.

Never should provoke or make a mad dog who is behind a fence or window closed. to have the opportunity, will approach the animal to attack without warning or small elderly person who is with him.

By going to a house where a dog has avoided any attitude that could be interpreted as an attack on one member of the family (to which the dog finds his flock). Pele, albeit in jest, with the children of masters, can be very dangerous. At feel responsible for them, the dog could be launched on the alleged aggressor.

Just as dangerous or more, are dogs that are tied. So we must be very careful with mistreating the love of the animal in front of it.

We must also take special care with dogs that their owners have left tied up in front of a business while they make a purchase.

Street Dogs

The first recommendation that we should expose our children, that is, if they see a dog wandering, go to your side without paying attention.

It is important to warn them that when they have something in hand, whether a cookie, ice cream, or any kind, especially food or candy, when approaching a dog hungry, it's better to throw the object edible before risk that this you take it for himself.

They should not give anything by hand, because in the case of a dog anxious, they might bite the fingers.

When skating, biking or skateboarding on the streets, we must be careful not to spend too near the dogs, has always been to keep a distance rather cautious with them.

If a dog will growl, bark or even jump over them, must strive to maintain calm, stay quiet and essentially standing.

Never should be trying to defend dog vagabond who tries to get closer, less so violent. And if the canine the traps with their feet and try to loosen no point, on the contrary, worsen the initial situation.

What to do before the aggression of a dog

A bite of a dog, is always considered a dirty wound. So, basically when this happens, you should wash the wound with soap and water or disinfectant neutral as the first instance.

If the wound too much blood, we can cover with a clean cloth and wet.

But basically in all cases, although this is minor injuries, and the sooner, we have to hit emergency, where in addition to cure it, you bring vaccines.

If necessary, then the dog will be quarantined. In the case of a vagabond dog, which probably is not vaccinated, the kennel will locate and bring the animal.

As for the injured person, which will reassure and give affection, especially if it involves a child, since it is of utmost importance that can overcome the shock, and that there is any trace of him when confronted with other animals these characteristics.

Ways to alleviate ear infections in children

There are several causes that can produce painful ear infections in infants and children, but the cold is the most frequent of all.

Intense pain in the ear, fever, sleep disturbance, loss of appetite and, if the child is small, vomiting, are symptoms of an ear infection.

1. Prevention
The secretions from the nose to ear pass easily causing otitis. These are eliminated with saline when the boy was very small or monitor that sounds good.

2. If not heard Suppurativa
We will put on a cloth ear hot. The small will feel relieved. We must also give aspirin or paracetamol.

3. The ear Suppurativa
It should be clear secretions with an antiseptic gauze. If the doctor prescribes, apply antibiotic drops.

4. Avoid entering water
While there is infection, avoid contact with water ear. The baby's hair was washed with a sponge.

Diarrhea frequent in children

The gastroenteritis are, after processes respiratory infections more prevalent in boys. As everyone knows, one of the typical symptoms of this disease is diarrhea.

Until five months the baby has defenses that his mother gave him, but from this age should make theirs. Vaccines and disease will develop its immune system, gastroenteritis and will have an important role in this process. Therefore, diarrhoea caused by infections are more common in the first five years.

But why the concerns especially gastroenteritis? The reasons are that the digestive system is immature young child to defend themselves and, furthermore, this body is more vulnerable because it has two points of contact with the outside world: the mouth and anus. Outside swarm germs responsible for the most common infections, bacteria (colis, salmonella ...), viruses and parasites. And is that harmful microorganisms are housed in all places.

If we could observe a small device with a view to enabling these microscopic beings, which would not only live in the dirtiest places like stagnant water, grass or floor, but also in toys and ... even in our hands!

In babies, the infection is established easily through the hands of adults, especially those who are preparing their food. When more grandecito and takes all the mouth, the objects are the most important source of pathogens. Later, the consumption of contaminated water or vegetables will lead to the typical epidemics of gastroenteritis, and therefore to diarrhoea.

Is it possible to avoid them?
Hygiene is crucial in preventing diseases. But neither is having little to like in a bubble, since only through contact with germs develop defenses that will enable it to combat them.

In addition to the sudden nature of acute diarrhoea, gastroenteritis can cause nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, fever, sore retortijones and belly. Lee may be liquid or paste, smelling acid and mucous, even blood and pus. Whenever these symptoms appear immediately consult with the doctor.

What is celiac disease?

It is an intolerance to gluten, causing various disorders and is avoiding foods that contain protein.

It is known that one in every 350 to 500 people suffers from celiac disease, a chronic digestive disorder that involves an intolerance to gluten permanent.
But specialists estimate that only 25 percent of patients are diagnosed and that 75 percent had neither treatment nor even know what's wrong.

Injury in the gut
Gluten is a protein that forms part of the meal some of the most consumed in food grains: wheat, barley, rye and oats.

When there is intolerance, there is a severe injury in the upper small intestine (villous atrophy), which leads to poor absorption of nutrients from food.

The victim usually show symptoms such as stunting, weight loss, behavioural disorders, iron deficiency anaemia or inappetence. The intolerance to gluten can be filed at any time of life. But the typical symptoms are manifested mainly in childhood and in the decade of the forties.

"In other ages symptoms may not be clear," explains gastroenterologist Isabel Polanco, who adds that "the patient celíaco lies not only in consultation gastroenterology, but also in the psychiatrist or gynecologist." "Today," says the expert, has been that there are other symptoms such as depression, male or female infertility, spontaneous abortions repeated ...".

The disease appears in people with genetic predisposition, so it is advisable that when a member of the family says, all others are seen by a specialist.

For now, patients suspected of celiac disease must undergo three intestinal biopsies. By this test is possible to verify whether there was injury to the intestinal mucosa. According to Dr. Polanco, this technique is "easier and more aggressive."

Gluten-free diet
The treatment is to eliminate from the diet all those dishes that contain gluten. Something seemingly simple but in practice presents enormous difficulties because gluten is not only present in the bread and all foods made with wheat flour, oats, barley or rye, but can also be part of products such as sausages, sweets, sauces and even medicines.

Once the patient follows the proper diet, can make normal life. But you should never get carried away by the temptation to eat some cookies, some spaghetti or a normal cake.
The experts insist that any violation of the regime can be very dangerous. The untreated celiac are more predisposed to develop various tumors.

Healthy Diet for Children

If you do not eat a special diet required.
The diet of children should always be balanced, or do not exercise. The food with a lot of fruits and vegetables, meat, fish, vegetables and dairy products, is sufficient for daily activity.
The bottom line is not never miss breakfast: cereal, toast, jam, juice, milk, fruit.

Nothing run without trying bite in the morning, especially if what awaits them in the early hours are two hours of gym class.

Seborrhoicus eczema in babies

In the first months of life, is often seen in most babies crusty on the scalp.
Sometimes it is very important, while in others it is almost imperceptible. It also called cradle cap, probably because it appears when the baby is fed with milk, but has nothing to do with it.
There are some cascaritas yellowish-amarronadas that at times can extend up to the front and, fortunately in a few cases, compromising the face.
The breasts are concerned with the appearance Irritant presented, but the baby does not bother you. When are very important, often cover much of the scalp in many cases impede the normal hair growth.

Oil almonds
The crust can be removed with almond oil.
First was placed on his head without rubbing, will be left several hours (may be all night) and repeat the operation for two or three days. Then, when cascaritas are more loose, it can easily take off with a fine comb or simply passing one card as a spatula, without forcing those who are very attached, since it can cause an injury.
After each application, washed their hair with a neutral glycerine soap to help remove them. If we note that the skin is very red or cause itching, if the crust is bad odor or becomes infected, we must not hesitate to consult the pediatrician.

Risk factors in pregnancy

Thanks to scientific research we know that certain substances or circumstances may cause alterations of embryonic development, resulting in birth defects in the future baby.

The agents that can alter the development of the embryo and fetus are considered risk factors. But to understand the meaning of the term "risk" is not simple. In fact, it is relatively common that some people deem as an overstatement considering the substances or adverse circumstances for the baby.
Even trying to document the overstatement with comments (which are very harmful) as: "I know a woman who, 42 years old, has had a healthy boy and beautiful" or "A friend had rubella during pregnancy and had a healthy child ".

The advanced maternal age and suffered rubella during pregnancy are important risk factors, which does not mean that all women who suffer from mature or rubella during pregnancy are to have a baby with abnormalities.

No agent, a side that is, causes birth defects in all the children of all women exposed to it.
What we mean when we talk about risk factor is that among pregnant women who come into contact with any of those factors will have a larger proportion (which is different for each factor) of children with birth defects among the group Women who were not in touch with these actors.

Statistics
For example, according to some statistics, the frequency of children with Down syndrome among mothers under 35 years is 0.72 per thousand boys born, while among women over 35 years is 7.54 per thousand. That is, they have ten times more risk of having children with Down syndrome than the younger ones.

When we say that the maternal age is a risk factor, we are not ensuring that all women over 35 years will have children with Down syndrome. The same applies to infections during pregnancy, alcohol, to snuff, contact with animals ... The problem is that we can not know who is going to affect a particular agent and who is not.

The love of mother to a child

The love of the child occurs in a series of stages, like the love of a partner.
When the small has not yet born, the mother idealizes and ascribed the virtues that she would like to take.

Once the baby Liege to the world, women must recognize it as theirs emerge ei attachment and begin to consolidate love. Between one period and oto usually take a brief moment of disappointment, because the reality is not always what they seem to fa dreamed mother during pregnancy.

The disappointment of childbirth

But while hardly talk about it, there are also plenty of mothers who did not feel seized by the excitement to meet their outbreaks.
A fact quite normal, according to specialists. Why? The baby was born that has nothing to do with who has dreamed. Indeed, the flesh and blood is neither smiles nor strong. It is weeping, plaintiff has wrinkles and its ugly traits that are more harmonious.

The reality often turns into a disappointment tip that a sharp downturn to maternal self-esteem. Many times, when he saw this creature so young and weak, the esteem of women (in psychological terms, Narcicista) was damaged because it was unable to have that child dreamed.

What happens when the child is premature or suffers a disease? Specialists note that, if the newborn is brought to the incubator, as is often the case with those born prematurely, the mother is so afraid of losing that avoids maintain close contact with him. This should not be interpreted as a lack of love for the newborn, but as a defense mechanism.

In case of incurable disease, such as Down syndrome, a sense of failure experienced by the mother is very big. But, once accepted the problem,
frustration gives way to a strong protective instinct and a desire to fight impressive.

For several years now, the trend of midwives, gynecologists and neonatologists is that both the father and mother have contact as soon as possible with the newborn. It is known that in the first days of life will lay the foundation for the future relationship of parent and child.

In childbirth establishing the emotional link, which will promote good communication between family members. Here's how it will develop attachment.

Depression child

The theme of depression at the stage of infancy, is very impressive. All we think that this is a time of happiness and joy permanent, and that the sadness and concern for those who are in childhood, are totally temporary. However, this state is often more frequent every day and a disorder totally poignant because of their serious problems.

It is necessary to distinguish depression as appropriate emotional response to a critical moment, the disease of depression. Any child can go through moments like depressive reaction to losses or changes, what constitutes a normal emotional response. But when this situation becomes chronic and can not be overcome with the passage of time it is an emotional disorder, rather complex.

As symptoms are central irritable mood or sadness, and loss of ability to enjoy. The child is listless, without wanting to nothing, or chronically of malhumor, intolerant and evil character.

Thus, depression manifests itself in a manner masked by various disorders that in turn give a misleading impression and hinder their recognition

Here is a list of these symptoms, so you can recognize this kind of state in small around you:

Decreased self-esteem: the child has a demeaning image of himself, is self-critical, and has a feeling of inferiority.
Loss of interest: the boy is bored is not apathetic have little motivation plays and is always tired.
Withdrawal: It costs linked with the other children, it is not integrated well with their group, tends to isolate itself, chooses solitary activities like watching television too many hours.
Difficulty managing aggression: have frequent fights, tantrums, behavioural disorders, or inhibition of aggression (not quarrel, neither defends nor).
Loss of ability to concentrate: the child disperses far have trouble paying attention. This leads to a decline in school performance.
On sleep disorders: insomnia or hypersomnia presents.
Eating Disorders: lose or increase the appetite or weight.
Somatic symptoms that have no organic cause: the smaller the child, most tend to express their problems through his body. In schoolchildren, are more frequent headaches.

Babies`s in summer

Many times is often comment that the summer is a time of the year, which is not good for babies. This is totally untrue!

Taking precautions, and where temperatures do not arrive at their extreme limits, this time is very good for babies. The basic reasons to support this assertion, which are allowed to stay much longer away from home, carrying little clothing, and even dispense with the annoying diaper and play naked, something that the little ones are fascinated altogether.

In fact, his entire body can benefit at this time: irritations heal faster, and germs and other agents that can cause colds or colds, much less rampant.

The open-air, water, grass, sand, and many other elements of nature, create optimal conditions for which babies are stimulated and begin to gain independence and autonomy.

But not only is the good weather, the dedication of parents and relaxed when they contribute to pass very well and learn at the same time. This is a period of intense and full of adventures and emotions, ideals to stimulate their senses, their learning and development.

It felt more freedom, becoming more active, kicking, crawling, walking and making significant progress in its development. Both physically and intellectually, summer vacations are for babies the era of great progress.

However, parents must comply with the necessary care so that the optimum outcome is not, for example, the sun never exposing a child less than six months. The baby should be well protected. For those older children, and must wear a hat, shirt, sunscreen and umbrella.

Nor should we leave them alone on the seashore, even an instant. We must caution that no one will push or pull it. If you keep sitting, we can accompany him to shore and leave it to splash comfortable in a quiet place where they can not reach the waves and there is no danger whatsoever.

The sand also has its dangers. Like water, is an ideal medium for the game, but it needs to be careful not to be the goal in their mouths or they do not enter into the nose. The best precaution is constant vigilance, that will allow removal of dangerous hands any object you find.

Traveling with your baby

We offer a number of councils, to travel with your baby is totally gratifying and without complications, whether the season that is, and their means of transport you choose.

Keep in mind these tips, and thus prevent complications.

Babies rarely have problems during travel, especially if they have less than eight months, but it is always good to choose not to go in rush hour, or when it is hot.

It's better to choose hours in which babies can sleep.

The bigger they need to move more, are requiring larger and more quantity of care, attention and more frequent stops.

The essential levar hand everything necessary to travel relaxed and calm: diapers, wipes, a towel or changer, spare clothes and cologne.

You can not forget lead umbrella if it is summer, as well as hat for the sun.

It was important to have more of a pacifier, if one falls, gets dirty or broken.

Not forgetting his favorite toy. Pillow, blanket and Trapito consolation.

It is important that days before making your trip, make a list with all those objects that you must not forget.

We must keep a kit with thermometer, cotton, disinfectant, curotas, bandages, painkillers and antidérmicos suitable for small age.

Some plastic bag is never over, if there are any unforeseen.

A big towel and tissue paper, are also very useful.

And more importantly than ever lacking water.

What a child cope with depression

To diagnose depression, it is necessary to conduct a full psicodiagnóstico, which explores various aspects of the child, in addition to the observable symptoms that give a holistic view of the situation thereof.

First, allow us to know their personalities, their feelings, their fantasies and ideals. It also leads to know what their fears. Reconstruct also his life story, with special attention to losses, exceedances, die or change.

Another central issue for diagnosis is an understanding of the dynamics of the family in which the child is inserted: the relationship with their parents or brothers and sisters, its place in the family, the personality of their FATHER, etc..

Some elements who are in families of children depressive, depression in one of their parents, overt or covert rejection towards the child, family duels that have not been developed and especially the instability in the link with the child ( Parents changing, often absent or unavailable, which did not allow him to have little uniformity in the emotional experience and what undergo a chronic frustration).
The psicodiagnóstico, also lets you choose the most appropriate therapeutic strategy. The psychological treatment, resulting in a marked improvement in depressed children, and generally makes it unnecessary use of psychoactive drugs.

According to the problem, indicate an individual therapy, or family tie, while they give their parents a guide to understand and better assist its small.

Diet of pregnant hypertensive

There, as in the case of diabetes, hypertension prior to pregnancy and other "induced" by him (toxemia hypertensive or pre-eclampsia).

In either case, the dietary supplement is only a general therapeutic measures, which usually consist of rest and the administration of antihypertensive drugs allowed during pregnancy.

Just as diuretics are contraindicated by the imbalances that determines its use in the fetus, nor salt should be excluded entirely from the diet, since none of these measures can prevent the aggravation of a poorly controlled hypertension.
It shows all natural foods, which should not be added to table salt, prioritize the use of those with low sodium in his replacement.

In no way is totally exclude foods containing sodium in its composition, as a minimum contribution is even necessary.
The bread and certain mineral waters have a high sodium content, as well as cold cuts, canned (including candy), pizzas and sausages.

If you want to further reduce calorie intake, the sugar substitute that can be used is the aspartano or pure saccharine, as cyclamates are always combined in the form of sodium cyclamate.

Diet of pregnant diabetic

There is a particular clinical form of diabetes, known as "gestational", which is one that first occurs during pregnancy.

These are women, unsuspected of contracting this disease, which usually give birth to babies with great weight and a higher incidence of fetal perinatal mortality (towards the end of pregnancy and in the first days of life).

So important is this problem of modern obstetrics, from different forums of scientific opinion has suggested the desirability of conducting an "overload test glucose" to all pregnant women to average the second trimester of pregnancy.
If it is a known diabetic, the criteria for treatment (especially dietary measures) and monitoring, are similar.

In cases where a positive result, diet therapy is indicated for the immediate treatment as a fundamental element of this evil.
It should indicate regimes no more than 1,800 calories daily, or just over half of what is normally administered to a pregnant. And split into six daily meals input from these caloñas to avoid abrupt changes of dosajes blood sugar.

Of course, in any way, be included sugars in the diet of pregnant diabetic. There is no contraindication for some synthetic sweeteners (saccharin or cyclamates) or natural (aspartano).

The diet should not contain more than 50 per cent contribution of carbohydrates, complemented by a moderate physical exercise and not obtained the expected reduction in blood glucose (blood sugar), should begin treatment with insulin in early . If controlled properly, can lead to diabetic pregnant term and give birth to a normal baby.

The family history of diabetes, babies born large and perinatal deaths, are signals to suspect the possible presence of this disease.

The cravings during pregnancy

They may be the result of a nutritional deficiency. That is, that faced with a lack of certain nutrients, pregnant what "claim" unconsciously as if it were a whim.

Obviously, we do not have a sensibility so thin opposite our nutritional deficiencies. It should be understood then that, beyond that there is always some truth in every tradition, can not entertained one hundred percent this explanation.

Those who have dealt with the psychological aspects of pregnancy provide us with sufficient information to understand this phenomenon, since what the emotional and sentimental. Or simply because it is a spoiled! As I said the mother of a pregnant when she personally had to fill the orders of her daughter because of a trip his son-in-law.

Anyway, it is a nice demonstration of love and tenderness when a husband satisfy the whims of his pregnant wife.

Quality of food in pregnancy

It is important to take into account the quality of food. Protein, minerals (especially calcium, iron, magnesium and fluoride) and some vitamin complex, as folic acid and vitamins A, B12, C, D and others, must be present in the daily diet.

This is sufficient if it makes, in addition, 60 grams of protein and at least not less than 2,000 calories in total. Milk, ideally should not participate in amounts less than half a litre every day. Of course you can offset this amount including yogurts, cheeses and other food preparations containing it (flan, ice cream, etc.).. The dairy bring a bit of everything: calories, protein and calcium, among other nutritional elements.

While along the pregnancy Theory increases in the caloric requirement, is no less true that the activity decreases significantly by the largest volume it occupies the abdomen, particularly the position to be taken to offset the imbalance that the weight of pregnancy produces in front of the spine and fatigue by not being able to sleep comfortably and having to charge slopes greater weight to become accustomed. As a result, since practical purposes, it is sufficient to maintain the same diet without variants for nine months.

Vomiting may affect the first quarter producing a low weight when they are very frequent and intense-which only affects a minority portion of the total pregnant women.

In most cases, by their quantity, are not sufficient to determine a malnutrition. Given the doubt, always imposing the immediate consultation of the obstetrician. Fraction diet in six meals a day helps to control vomiting.

Food recommended by WHO to pregnant

The World Health Organization (WHO) and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), dependent on the United Nations, have established a global minimum nutritional recommendations for pregnant women.

In fact, pregnancy is a state of health for which women have been endowed by nature, especially diet should not be changed, provided that it is appropriate for the age, height, frame size and type of physical activity to develop prior to pregnancy. It could be generalized by saying that it would be enough to increase approximately 200 calories a day to the former regime.

But what happens in reality is that very few women have an adequate intake to their requirements. At one end we see very concerned about body image, victims of a fashion that hates female forms, bordering with anorexia. Diets severísimas to weigh much less than what it is, habituation to a systematic rejection of food.

At the other, are greedy, those who, although a little frustrated when they look in the mirror, they can not escape the temptation every time you have something sweet at your fingertips. And neither of whom still speak their husbands in two dishes, bread with butter, wine or beer, coffee and dessert!

They are also those who suffer the consequences of our semidesarrollo and that unfortunately are not a minority in many regions of our country.
In these cases, diet is always inadequate and not by the dictates of haute couture exactly.
The caloric intake is low and food quality in terms of protein, vitamin and mineral is almost always in deficit.

Of course, there are also eating well, which fortunately today are most among women of reproductive age.

Placenta previa

It is located near the exit, below the baby.
Do not confuse the "previous placenta" with "placenta previa." The term refers to the previous location of the placenta over the baby: to be below him (with the pregnant woman in standing position) and it should leave first and then make way for baby. Previous only means that it is located in the uterus wall facing the pubis.

Different Ways
If completely blocked the exit, it is an "occlusive All"; if he does part of an "occlusive partial or marginal." In the latter two cases, the baby may be born leaving the placenta to get out of hand.
The placenta previa can cause bleeding during pregnancy or childbirth.

In the case of occlusive total imposes caesarean section. Many marginal placenta previa will run upwards during pregnancy and then cease to be the fourth or fifth month.

With regard to the placenta "above", is named as to which are attached to the anterior wall of the uterus (which coincides with the belly of the pregnant). It can be held high and nothing after, or are very low and after.
The same applies to those that adhere to the wall or the back side left and right. Those that are located on the roof of the parent (which are among the most common), obviously because they will never be pre definitely above the baby.

How much should be expected after a spontaneous abortion?

An abortion is always a traumatic event for the couple. Unfortunately, some doctors seem to forget this very important aspect.

It is the spontaneous interruption of a pregnancy is a common disorder and very common. For woman who has suffered a loss involves primary and will require some time to be completely replace it.

The recovery
It is believed that 40 days are needed for the body of the woman normalization (to eliminate the changes brought about by pregnancy) and a new pregnancy may arise. But in case of abortion, some professionals often recommend a longer period (about two or three months) so that the expectant mother recovers also encouraged.

However, some specialists advise in certain special cases to enter a spontaneous abortion and pregnancy not bound following a period of less than six months.
Although there is some evidence that this is really necessary.

Alter embryo
Most of spontaneous abortions is caused by alterations in the embryo. Generally, genetic disorders are single-and not necessarily repeated that prevent able-may develop and lead to his expulsion.
How is detected.

The terminations of pregnancy often advertise with bleeding genitals, but not always the case. In some cases, women do not suffer losses or pain when the embryo is dead, and the situation was discovered when performing an ultrasound.

Hypertension in a pregnant woman

None of this has to do with eclampsia, real disease of pregnancy, which could well-defined scientific-licensed as "intolerance" to the progression of it. Among its complications, the pre-clampsia (and of course greater eclampsia) is characterized by high blood pressure, which would be responsible-in this case-of headaches.

First, the common ones, have no consequences arising from that same pain. Those who are due to hypertension, should alert us that something is wrong. It is easy to distinguish: the headaches of eclampsia are very intense and appear in the third trimester of pregnancy, in situations where, typically, there were no headaches at the beginning. The hormones are more intense at the beginning of pregnancy and tend to be better tolerated and softer along the same.

The possible treatment during pregnancy is reduced to facilitate the evacuation of the gallbladder (antispasmodic) and the administration of aspirin, except that the latter can not be ingested in the form indiscriminate or permanently.
Before resorting to it, we should always consult with the obstetrician.

Headaches during pregnancy

The headaches are common in pregnancy. There are various theories about its causes, usually agree on the role of hormones.

Progesterone would have a direct effect on the brain arteries, and was known to classical migraine is due to a special dilation of some of these arteries.

He also indirectly hinder the emptying of bile in the gallbladder, progesterone contribute to headache.

Also, this hormone is responsible for changes in vision (for example, increasing myopia), which also added to facilitate the emergence of real crisis headaches.

Prolactin: the hormone that produces milk

As its name indicates, pro (for), lactina (milk), is the female hormone prolactin stimulates milk secretion. Such is the case, that during pregnancy along with estrogen and progesterone, which prepares for the breast after birth it produces milk.

Throughout the pregnancy, the pituitary gland is responsible for segregating increasing amounts of prolactin. This tiny gland, behaves like a plant hormone, and is below the principal organs of the central nervous system, behind the nose and eyes, in the midline.

Beyond pregnancy, prolactin have an important complementary role in the regulation of ovarian cycle. Circle in the blood in very small quantities.

When this hormone is produced in excess, interferes with ovulation being responsible for menstrual irregularities. This is a pathological situation, which undoubtedly should be corrected.

The causes of these disorders are varied and include the intake of medicines digestive antinauseosos, tranquilizers and sedatives, as well as the use of birth control pills. The stress and hypothyroidism also cause hiperprolactemia, but there is also the home purely pituitary: prolactin increases in the presence of adenomas (small tumors not carcinogenic in the pituitary gland) or micro adenomas (microscopic tumors).

In these cases, treatment is medication that can suspend stimulate its production in excess, to correct the hypothyroidism, eliminate stress, or inhibit the operation of adenomas. Rarely should resort to intervention, as it usually is enough to administer drugs such as bromoergocriptina, or smoothness.

Cerclage uterus

The cerclage, is an intervention that involves sewing the cervix, to prevent it from being prematurely dilate, and there is a premature birth.

To this end, using a wire or tape special silk or nylon, not melts and also must withdraw at the end of pregnancy, preferably at 38 weeks gestation.

Is often necessary to practice at about 0.5 per cent of pregnancies. The opportune moment to realize, is between 12 and 16 weeks, but it can be done from the 8th or 10th. If there are relevant precedents of insufficient cervix, and if you agree with ultrasound checks, pregnancy is well .

It is even more effective if the practice prophylactically, that is, before the cervix has begun to dilate. It should be done also with the bag full and amniotic after completely sure that there is no infection.

As for the anesthesia, used two types: general or epidural. Neither affects both the baby because she was responsible for individuals specializing in anesthetize pregnant.

If requested by the obstetrician, a cerclage uterus, there was no reason to worry, because the method offers sufficient guarantees of success whatsoever.

Extraterrestrial ecosystems in Europe

Much of the Astrobiology believe that the best place in the Solar System where to look for extraterrestrial life is Europe, one of the major moons of Jupiter discovered by Galileo in 1610.

The measurements of its magnetic field by the Galileo probe seem to confirm that the satellite is coated by a layer of ice and salt water about 100 km thick.

It is precisely in this vast ocean where he hopes to find bodies, perhaps around hydrothermal vents similar to those found in the bed of sea land.

Richard Greenberg, a researcher at the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory at the University of Arizona, suspicion, however, that the ice covering Europe is much thinner from what was thought until now.

After analysing the data sent by the Galileo mission, Greenberg cree which did not have more than 10 km thick. Thus, the biological niche that would not be restricted to the ocean bottom.

In areas where ice is fragmentation could prosper life forms dependent on sunlight, and even creatures like jellyfish in the ocean currents.

The aggressiveness of the dogs

As American researcher says Samuel Gosling, heritable traits are not as crucial to the successful conduct canine.

His studies reveal that copies of the same race may have different personalities depending on their training and the environment in which they grow.

The momentum of dogs for hunting, curiosity, defence or, more fearsome, for the attack, may be inherited or acquired. There are dogs considered dangerous potenctalmente as the doberman, rottwailer, the doge or the Argentine pit bull, whose breeding and possession are banned in Denmark and Holland.

However, although its genetic configuration are fitted with a device or a corpulent masticador enormous, educated as pets do not normally present an aggressive mood.

At the other extreme is the bulldog, an animal extremely vague that rehuye violence and exercise. The zangolotina and playful behavior is well represented by the boxer.

For his part, the German shepherd dog is a serious, obedient and good guardian, although some individuals show a tendency to irritation.
Something that also happens to small yorkshire, which despite its sporadic evil genius is a wonderful companion dog.
Interestingly a study by the Medical University of Graz in Austria, made in this region, showed that the German shepherd is the most bites.

Where is the wave Cribb?

For some surfers, riding his biggest dream is ever in his life on Cribb, a giant wave that appears in late afternoon Cribb of the reef, about 800 metres from the beach Fistral, in Cornwall (England).

Only a couple of times a year you can see this wave, which reaches 12-14 meters high.
For many years, Cribb was considered impractical because of their remoteness from the coast, its large and unpredictable currents in the area.