Showing posts with label investigators. Show all posts
Showing posts with label investigators. Show all posts

4/13/2008

Brilliant inventions that they changed our lives

Chewing gum: The rubber of masticating, true name of the chewing gum, is the American photographer's invemción Thomas Adams that, in 1870, you manufactured some bars starting from the sap of a plant called chewing gum. Dedicating to proporcinar a replacement product to the chewers of tobacco plant, you inspired by the Indian tradition of masticating this plant. Adams added you flavor to licorice, you put you the name of Black Jack and you marketed it.

Instant coffee: The restlessness of the investigators of the Brazilian Institute of the Coffee, made possible that, in 1938, the Swiss house Nestlé invented the dehydrated powdered coffee, Nestcafé. The investigations, started during the first years of the decade of the thirty, went to how the form to find of manufacturing coffee that, dissolved in water boiling, produces it in an instant way. Also, you were necessary to produce a soluble coffee so that you didn't end up in the bottom of the cup, and of course, of good flavor, keeping in mind that this should be packaged to the hole.

Aspirin: This medicine is due to Italian R. Piria that in 1838 you isolated the pure salicylic acid, obtained of the metil salicylate. The history, however inventor of the up-to-date aspirin considers, to French Charles Frédéric Gerhardt who obtained in 1853 the first acetylsalicilic acid. Your American colleagues R. Crabtee and J. Christian discovered in 1958 that the therapeutical goods of the product, have place when transforming the acetylsalicilic acid in gentisic.

Handkerchiefs descartables: Baptized Kleenex for the first trademark that you put them for sale, the cellulose handkerchiefs, marketed by the American signature Kimberley-Clark, intended like a form of avoiding the propagation of the germs and of alleviating the work of the housewives, in 1924. Your use extended all over the world.

Fan: To air the coal mines, French Théophile Guibal invented in 1858 the dynamic fan, stocked of wrapped up palettes that you captured the air through a chimney and you ejected it to the exterior. later on, you were inserted in the domestic environment.

Vacuum cleaner: The start of this atrilugio, you were sketched in 1871, by Ives W. Mc Gaffey. You were in turn about a bomb that started an inverted worked helix, for a petty motor of vapor. Your perfeccinamiento owes to the English engineer Hubert Cecil Booth who after attending a bankrupt demonstration of a manual vacuum cleaner, you arranged a handkerchief on the mouth and you vacuumed the powder of the carpet. Your first commercial apparatuses, spirits in the market in 1901, vacuumed powder through tubes until some petty overseas parked antagonists of the building.

Stapler: In 1868 the British business tax was granted from the stapler to Charles Henry Gould. The first automatic system of grapado, destined to the bookbinding shops, you appeared in the decade of 1890, passing to substitute to the alfilarias and paper clips enlas offices. So far, the first staples were good to hold the sole and the instep of the shoes.

3/06/2008

A helmet against the wrong of Alzheimer

As if is about a science fiction movie, a team of bitter scientists is experiencing with a special helmet to treat the wrong of Alzheimer. Your operation is based on the emission of infrared light to boost the increment of the neurons.

The preliminary tests have been made with rodents, with surprising results as for enhancement of the learning capacity of these. The tests in human beings are planned for proximate August.

However, so that the treatment is safe, the investigators assure that this helmet "takes a bath" the brain with infrared light of very low frequency, but that you should be used only ten up-to-date minutes.

As the cells age, they lose the capacity to be fixed and to be regenerated, that which are in forfeiture of the memory. At the present time, the only thing that one can make with the dementia is to reduce the speed to which advance. "This new method would not only put control to your advance but rather you could revert him in a partial" way, they assure your developers.

Believe an embryo with three parents' DNA

British scientists of the University of Newcastle have been able to fecundate an embryo in vitro starting from the DNA of a man and two women, in what you/they consider a landmark in this type of technical.

The first question that we can make ourselves you are for what reason?, according to the investigators, this will allow to eradicate a series of hereditary illnesses, including certain epilepsy types as well as to help those women that suffer bugs mitocondriales, those that one believes, they could be the lawsuit of about half hundred of pathologies.

To achieve this feat the scientists they carried out a mitocondria transplantation in ten severely abnormal discarded embryos of traditional treatments of assisted fertility. At few hours of your creation, you retired the core (that you contain the mother's DNA and the father) and you implanted it to him in another cleared ovum of great part of your genetic imposition.

These embryos began to usually be developed, but the investigators decided to destroy them to the six days. In fact, they only have licence to make laboratory tests but you don't stop to offer this technique as a possible treatment in human. At least, for the moment...

Believe a clock that are only late one second each 200 million years

A while ago he spoke of an extraordinary clock that were only delayed one second each six million years. Something incredible although as always in this récords type, one wait is overcome as the technology advances. Now then, the new record overcomes, and for a lot, to the previous one. And you are that American physiques have designed such a precise clock that you won't lose neither you will win neither one second in 200 million years, a discovery to the height of those obsessively punctual.

The clock, described in the magazine Science, fights to transform conjointly into the most exact in the world with the experimental other clock developed in the same lab of Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics (JILA).

"These clocks are improving so quickly that you are impossible to say which the best will be, you said Tom 0Brian, boss of the division of Time and Frequency of NIST.

The clocks of great acuity are vital for the aerospace sailing, where a minimum error can ruin a commission. The secret of the so exact operation is to accelerate the movement of the needles, concretely this clock, carries out 430 trillion movements per second.

Your pendulum uses thousands of suspended strontium atoms in grids of laser light, and this allows the investigators to catch the atoms and to measure the energy movement inside them.

As future applications, these clocks can be used to synchronize the networks of telecommunications and some day to allow other advances as handless on file conduction guided by satellite. "If we can make to move a vehicle in Mars and to request you that you stay in a specific channel, I am for sure we can browse all the cars of the earth with satellites", one of the investigators assures.

"Essentially, we are sounding the structure of energy of the atom. We are sounding how they make the transitions the electrons among different energy" levels. This is the scale of time that were created by the universe. You are very stable", you concluded.

12/04/2007

Impossible Chances

The ship Apolón settled in the surface of the Moon. After petty several jumps it could be stabilized. Their ramp opened up and for her commanding Armstrong descended to step the floor of that unknown world for the first time. These words would not pass of belonging a concise and very succinct chronicle of the arrival from the Man to our satellite of not being for a "petty" detail: they were written in 1954.

The thing is not baladí. Nobody knows what he/she was gone by the head to the somber writer Lester of the King for it entered in their editorial a manuscript where, for grace of the impossible chance, facts were narrated that were still to arrive. There is who says that the commanding astronaut Neil Armstrong, when reading that "novelucha" of petty edition, shrank of shoulders.
He had been, indeed, the first man in taking the "great celebrated step for the Humanity" on the plain of the Moon, after downloading for Apollo's escalerilla. He/she made it in July of 1969. What nobody understood is why somebody had written it before fifteen years.Typing the futuroRamón Felipe San Juan Mario Silvio Enrico Álvarez of the King (1913-1993) was the name, or the string of names, of the writer that had typed the future.
As scarce as they were their readers in the decade of the fifty, few fixed in the contained detail inside the first edition from their novel Commission to the Moon.Lester of the King, completing responsibilities for cheap collections of science-fiction was "prophesying" some that another thing during their fruitful, although not very successful career. At the end, and although the luck smiled him/her as editor, he/she never wanted to clarify its followers the why of that chance.
Man worthy of the genus that cultured, the secret was taken to the tomb.In the time of that booklet that finished transforming into incunabular of cult for logic, Irish Jonathan Swift already took two long centuries installed in the Olympus of the writers immortal thank you, mainly, to a complex work and full with unusual revelations: The Trips of Gulliver.Gestated in 1726, it has arrived until our days encorsetada in the genus that the critics call juvenile" "literature. And gross error would be to pay attention to the filiations of these judicious ones.
The fantastic chronicles of Swift are, in fact, kind of a wolf with lamb skin; a bottomless dark sack where they mixed revolutionized ideas, scientific data
unheard, Inexplicable sincronías and, mainly, matches Impossible to attribute at random.

If today we dive carefully for their pages we will find paragraphs that will make us think. One of the most enigmatic says the following:

"They are come in the pettiest sky two stars or satellites that turn around Mars, they have name of fear and their Interior dista of the planet central three times their diameter, in the case of first o'clock, and the quintuple in the event of second o'clock...

Swift added that in that red planet the beings had a single eye in the middle of the skull and that until him you arrived on board flying replete "mountains of moons."
Fantasy? Overflowed imagination? That was thought of their time, although it is necessary to recognize that a chill scanned the spine of the readers when they checked, 156 years
then, how the astronomer Asap Hall discovered the two moons of Mars. Never views until then, they were baptized as Fobos (fright) and Deimos (terror), the name of those
horses of the god of the war. To add more mystery and incomprehension, the distances and proportions described in the trips of Gulliver they were... exact

The machine of the time: Poe, Verne and Clarke
Although the idea of a hulk that transfers us toward the past or the future is recognized H. G. Wells, the truth is that they were other colleagues writers those that, in very concrete moments and in occasions with irritating insistence, they demonstrated to have impossible knowledge for the time.

A dramatic example and escalofriante are the one played by brilliant Edgar Alan Poe, teacher of the terror world and darkness. Of life marked by the alcohol and the delirium, it built a novel in which a barge was to the drift with four survivors of the shipwreck.
To the one it turns without exit, the Members of that "boat toward the death" decide to devour the cabinboy, called Richard Parker the lowest in the command escalafón to be able to outlive, thanks to their flesh, the "cannibals" are able to resist and to arrive at good port.

The argument of this chapter of Gordon's Adventures Pym, got the carefulness for the macabre of an overflowed Imagination. However, 47 years later, it happened something in front of Green End that demonstrated that Poe is not spoken exceeded an apex in its Invention. The craft Mignonnete shipwrecked, being condemned four men
on an improvised float in form of wooden table.
After fords days without peeking the coast, incited by the hunger, they decide to eat up to the youngest. Among the press the fact causes fright; more even when he/she is discovered that the Unfortunate victim was the cabinboy. A kind and plump youth that Richard called himself Parker.

Julio Verne, another mysterious man, was also prodigal in these "progress at the time." It prophesied Geniuses like the helicopter, the bombs of coring, the sound cinema or the sky-scrapers. This is known popularly. However, there are other data that, for their accuracy, they shiver.
During years he/she has studied them patiently the journalist and sociologist Gregorio Doval, reaching astonishing conclusions. The key example of anticipation develops it Verne in its work From the Earth to the Moon, written in 1865. In her, French calls Columbiad to the projectile with humans directed to Selene. Hundred four years later the module of the ship Apollo that completed the actual commission took the name of Columbia, with a very similar weight to the one devised by the writer.
The surveillance of the trip of the projectile is carried out in the novel from a giant imaginary telescope, with lens of five diameter meters, located in Rocky Montañas. Size and actual location of the great radiotelescope of Hard-twisted Mount.

The trip in the work of Verne is carried out to a speed of 40.000 km / h., being consummated the itinerary in 97 hours. In the reality XI Apollo traveled to 38.500 km / h and the singladura it required 102 hours. To the reagreso, the ship actual amerizó in a concrete point of the Sea Pacific, place that distaba so single four kilometers of the one imagined before by Verne one century.

Arthur C. Clark, author of works as 2001:Odisea in the space, was the French brilliant author's faithful follower.
Subdued with that "vision of the future" he/she rushed to predict distant worlds in the time. In one of them, it designed with their mind the exact operation of a network of satellites of
communications. 25 years later, many scientists fixed in the fact that the author of science-fiction? it had not only described to the perfection the form, but those
you distance and the operation of these machines of the space. In their honor, the geostationary orbit located 42 kilometers of the Earth was baptized with the significant "orbit name Clarke."

To Mark Twain few paid him/her attention. Their prophecy had something of sinister and the great fame that already crawled only served so that its closer ones thought that everything was about a pure idiosyncrasy worthy of a genius with desires of more fame. However, he continued pawned in the last months in predicting a very concrete fact. Unsociable
and concerned, far from the remainder of the intellectual circles, it supposed an only sentence: "I was born with the comet and I will leave with him."

Not he/she went later until many years when some biographers discovered the incredible match. Twain had died for natural death when ending April of 1910, 21 in the precise instant in that it was perfectly visible the step of the c0élebre Halley it makes.
Quickly many tossed the pages of almanacs and schedules behind being feared the worst thing. Old Mark had been born a good day of 1835, moment in the one that the comet, visible so alone once every 70 years, he left his trail on the sky. Their life was an exact journey among the two arrivals of the wandering great colossus of the space.

Four centuries before, in 1504, another author of scientific works, the Bolognese physician Bartolomé Cocles, was victim of a criminal sincronicidad. In the afternoon of September 24 he/she received in their query to a seemingly normal man, to who had seen never, and that it was tormented by pains and bad several. Lover of the chiromancy and the alchemy, Cocles cheered up to admit to the patient that saw a black cloud, a deep fear wrapping its anatomy; in premonition of death. After remaining different hours with him it carried out an extraneous diagnostic: that man, who knows if possessed by an unknown force, he/she could have a sanguinary longing that same night. It recommended him/her to enter in a sanatorium. When the moon already shone on the alleys of the medieval field, the physician was brutally slaughtered to stab blow. The criminal was later detained days: he/she was the man to which the own physician had predicted him/her the consummation of a murder.

Of known haberío, David Jensen, main character of the headquarters The Absconder, it had offered, many centuries later, not to dream that terrible scene. In a night of nightmares, the man was done itself with a suit of black and thick German nickel, with the cross-linked hands on the chest and inside an old casket. Voices were heard that, among cries, they affirmed that he/she had fallen fulminated by an attack to the heart. Logically impressed, Jensen retarded a new filming to visit his confidential physician. In the sanitary city they told him/her that he/she should not worry: their organism worked as a clock of acuity. Without clearing the darkness of their mind completely, the plaintiff commented to his family the fatidical dream and he went to bed. The following morning, a sudden myocardial infarction left it prostrated in the floor. Cadaver arrived at the hospital and the two sessions it rested with dark suit and the cross-linked hands on a casket between the affliction of its colleagues and relatives.

Dos sensational incidents:
August of 1883, hour of closing of periodic Boston Globe. The executive editor, Of Sampson, he/she has just had a terrible dream that is still reflected in the cold perspiration that scans him/her
the neck. Something has seemed him/her so actual that, making kind of a macabre blink, it arranges it as notice in a lost box of interior pages. It is a joke of bad
I like that grieve nobody it detects and that he/she says this way: "36.000 deads after the eruption of a volcano in the asiatic island of Pralape."

The director's rough logic arrived up-to-date following. How was it possible that an experienced reporter has published that foolishness on a dummy place? In
an office of the high part of the building you was speculating the ticket or discharge of Sampson when a notice arrived with respect to that published in Boston Globe. Several
investigators and historians, surprised by the notice, demonstrated with data and old files in the hand how some centuries ago a great volcano had destroyed the island
Indonesian of Krakatoa, throwing a balance of victims similar to the one dreamt by the writer. Surprising truth? But the most intriguing thing was to arrive. A new report
university student sentenced that the facts happened by the middle of the XVII century. In the moment of the eruption the island had
another name, only well-known in indigenous tongue: Pralape.

Seven years after this case of supposed and sensational clairvoyance of the past, it happened a fact demonstrated with historical silencing tests. The king Humberto I of Italy (1844-1900), figures it nails in Europe of final of the I continue XIX, serious the main character of an event that made run rivers of ink and terror expressions and fatality all told the country.

July 29 1900 the king, as impelled by an unbroken premonition he/she decided to eat lunch in a modest trattoria that never before had visited. Already in their interior, between plate and dish, he/she noticed startled of the similar physiognomy of one of the waiters. It ordered him/her to call to a section and there he/she knew that he/she was in fact the owner of the place of business. Face to face the king checked that his face, ears, nose, hair and stature were identical. That man was an unusual drop of water, an alive tracing in the flesh. Commenting so extraneous similarity, Humberto I went turning pale when knowing that both had been born the same day March 14, they had paths women of the same name, Margarita; and the owner had opened that fair place the same day January 9 1878 and at the same hour in that the king had been crowned. A brass board located to the entry gave faith of that new "match."

Hallucinated by that encounter, the king decided to invite to his sosia to the athletic great festival that will dispute that same afternoon in the tracks of Monza.
They were in it, and after a cordial handshake, he/she commented, very impressed, the whole string of chances lived to their nurtured retinue of companions.
Already in the box, with a reserved even blank seat for its 'twin" stranger, the king had a new premonition. At the same time, a messenger advanced among the public and he screamed him/her the new mala: the owner of the restaurant had been riddled to shots by some criminals to the same entry of the gate 1. They had surprised him/her piping it of front.

At once a natural anxiety took place among the members of the box. Dismayed, without knowing very what a to make, the ruler was removed to one and another side for montaren his carriage feeling the puncture of the hazard very close; as if it was aware that it lacked a single second so that a treacherous gun, that of anarchist Gaetano Bresci, is appeared with its cold gleam black for descerrajarle several shots to bocajarro. The king was wounded of death inside the car of horses.

Match? Parallel lives? Impossible Sincronicity? Do you force and threads that intermingle in the deep labyrinths of the destination? Here the facts are. To you it corresponds them to say.

12/03/2007

Are the Men but Happy that the Women

The men, happier than the women
# According to a studio that was centered in studying how they felt each one from the sexes when carrying out different activities.
# What is a pleasure for some men, for them ends being a work.

To qualify and not to quantify data.

That was the terminus a quo of a studio that concludes that the men are happier than the women.

The investigators not only asked to men and women what they made day by day in its, but how they felt when making it. Of their answers curious conclusions are extracted.

To begin, as The relates New York Time, the women experience a similar grade of happiness when visiting their parents that when making the laundry. Why? For social mere network role. While for a man to visit their parents usually supposes that it can begin in the sofa to talk while he/she takes a beer, for a woman it usually supposes a 'extra' working in form of help to their general ledgers.

The curious thing is that, with the time, in spite of the gradual comparison of social network roles, the status has changed. At the beginning of the 70, the women were (according to their answers) happier than the men, although nowadays the things have changed (PDF), according to an investigation of Betsey Stevenson and Justin Wolfers, of the University of Pennsylvania.

The papers are invested
Alan Krueger, an economist of Princeton, it has found answer to the question of why this is happening: from the decade of those '60, the men have gone aborting all activity that displeases them progressively.

To say it in another way, every time they work less and they relax themselves more. But I eat there is not studio without their figures, these they are the data: 40 years ago, a normal woman dedicated 23 hours per week in activities that displeased him/her, about 40 minutes more than any man. Nowadays the difference has increased to an hour and a half.

This explanation, according to David Leonhardt, fits with the sociologist's work Arlie Hochschild, in which argued that the women of nowadays they have two works: one in the office, the other one at home.