Rain cosmic - Debris sub-atomic

In order to define the profane what is a cosmic ray, Etchegoyen uses a sports analogy: "Imagine a tennis player throwing sub-atomic particles throughout the universe.

Thousands of them bombard each square metre of the earth's surface at speeds near that of light. "Such particles, according Etchegoyen, is the most abundant around a hundred-crossing our bodies every second-but sometimes the tennis draws with more vigour and serves some nuclei heavier elements such as iron, unimaginable energies, landing on our planet at a rate of one per square kilometer every week, and others even faster and scarce rain that once a century ".

These, to penetrate the atmosphere, collide against the air molecules and break into a barrage of particles
secondary, which is called "cosmic rain", some have generated billions of them.

"The sub-atomic rubble crashed in turn against others, thus creating more branches. For when you touch land, rain is formed by billions of photons, electrons, muones and other electrically charged particles. Although the rays of energy low and moderate are well studied, the ultra-high energy remain a mystery. "

They develop more resistant aluminum that the titanium

A team of investigators of the University of Buenos Aires and of the University of Oxford they have developed a metallic more resistant alloy that the titanium.

The aluminum alloy contains "particles that have a very particular" form because they are "almost crystalline", Fernando Audebert, director of the Group of Advance Materials of the Ability of Engineering of the University of Buenos Aires said.

"We fuse the aluminum with other elements to 1.100 or 1.200 grades and we cool it a thousand grades in a millisecond. In that process we retain particles icosaedrics, as if they were cores, and that contributes to the material a very high submitted. The secret is in the combination of elements, in the indictment of the alloys and in how you cool down" them, the investigator explained.

To achieve that cooling speed, the team used a technique that suppose to pour the warm liquid of the alloy on a copper wheel that you turn to towering speed in a chamber of blank. "The stream solidifies on that surface and you leave in tape form or fleje. What are made later is to chop it, to mill it and to zip it", you assured.

The utilities are many, overalls in the automotive sector, where you will be been able to use in the production of pistons for competency files or compressors for turbines of gas.

The Viruses

The term "Virus", (poison in Latin) was coined in 1897 when a Dutch bacteriologist Martinus Beijerinck, passed the juice of a diseased plant of tobacco plant through a sufficiently fine filter as to stop the bacteria, still the pettiest. The clearing liquid filtrate, an infectious invisible agent still contained able to cause the illness of the tobacco plant called "mosaic" that Beijerinck was studying. In the following years, it was found that the viruses were related with a growing number of illnesses of the human beings and the animals. But it was not but up to 1931 in that the English bacteriologist William J. Elford devised a filter the sufficiently petty thing as to catch it in that was demonstrated that the virus was a minuscule particle, of much pettier size that the pettiest cell.

The viruses are so petty that twenty-five million polio virus would fit in the head of an alfilaria - as the virus that produces the aphthous one - they can be formed for only some few molecules.

The viruses are the most primitive forms in life, depending on the definition of "life" that you prefer. They can grow and to reproduce, but they are too petty to contain the usual machinery of a living cell.

In their place, they reproduce invading cells and forcing the chemical complex machinery from these when forming more virus instead of the main substances. In fact, most of a virus - a wraparound protein protector - he/she peels off and it is outside of the cell before beginning the attack. The part of the virus that invades to the cell is a mere matter tiny piece, a molecule or two of nucleic acid, the same substance that the genes are made.

The same as the genes, the viruses can supervise the manufacturing capacity of the living cell. But the virus is kind of a pirate" "gene that takes possession of the cell for its own ends. It carries out their protein masquerading as a genetic element of the own cell. Outside of their alive guests, the viruses cannot carry out metabolic features, to move neither to reproduce.

But inside the cell, a virus can arm hundred of replies of itself with the free nucleotides that float in the cellular liquid. When the cell is overworked, these replies abort the dead wraparound, transforming each one into a new "attacker" in search of other cells. Depending on the virus and of the victim, this cellular injury it is manifested as any other illness of a long list of them that you/they affect animals, plants or human beings, and that it includes mumps, measles, polio, hydrophobia, pock, influenza and the common cold. From 1911, when Dr. Peyton Rous sampled that a form of tumor of the chickens was caused by a virus, he/she has been that these cause more than 70 types of tumors in the animals.