3 different types of stem cells

Science was able to distinguish 3 different types of stem cells.

• Totipotenciales.
Are the most versatile of all stem cells. Of them can get a whole organism. The only problem is that only they can be purchased in the early stages of an embryo.

• pluripotential.
Wildcards cell. These cells can become different kinds of tissues, but they alone are incapable of generating a complete organism.

• Multipotenciales.
Because cells are quite distinct, and they are specialized to produce a tissue or cell type in particular. Haematopoietic stem cells, for example, found in bone marrow, can produce different types of cells, all related to the blood: red cells, platelets and white blood cells. Although further research have already obtained cardiac tissue from them.

Modifying the human DNA to cure

Editions DNA. Researchers from Duke University have discovered a way to correct faulty genetic codes in living cells of the human body.

"Editing" some genetic information, doctors believe that the new technique could someday serve to treat diseases based on genes, such as cell anemia, and even halt the spread of HIV / AIDS.

The technique involves mandar special enzymes in living cells, where essentially correct errors of genetic information, stopping the spread of viruses and diseases. This is a preliminary investigation, scientists warn. Edit the DNA is a procedure that is still popular for several years.

Cloning humans

Dr. Hwang and clone that never existed "could be the title of a work of fiction, but it is the true story of a new chapter of scientific fraud.

As is known, the world of science was shaken by the scandal: Hwang Woo Suk, a South Korean scientist and a team of 25 investigators signatories had announced during 2004 and 2005 in two articles published in Science magazine for the first time have cloned cells human. After a conclusive report of the investigation Commltee of the Seoul National Universlty, January 12, 2006. Donald Kennedy, director of Science, inserted into the electronic edition of the magazine in an unusual retraction stating that in the two-scientific papers were produced "no real results and that therefore there had been a fraud. The first human clone never existed!

Now, several months after that science itself make self-criticism about the case. Spain has adopted a Law Research Biomedici-na. so that we can say that the rule is brought forward to the progress of science, which is usually not normal. It is one of the positive consequences of the Hwang case.

But, like what happened has cast doubt on the process of scientific publishing, has also led to questioning the process of transmission of news through the media. The case of Dr. Hwang is a proof that scientific journalism se basa en un then overly uncritical of everything that is published in the "prestigious" scientific journals.

The sources used by journalists to learn about science are essentially scientific journals Nature and Science type. But as reflected in the wake of the case The New York Times a few months ago in an article "Now, editors are starting to look at the information that comes from scientific journals with more skepticism."

Roy Peter Clark, professor at the Poynter Institute in Florida, believes that reporting on scientific discoveries mean greater difficulty, since it often requires some prior knowledge of the journalist, followed up with interviews with experts and some indication of how to give meaning to highly technical material.

"It seems clear-Clark concludes that this scandal will generate the need to increase the capacity level of critical journalists and probably also new communication protocols between scientists and disseminators."

If so. both the momentum of a law to investigate in biomedicine as requiring a higher level of scientific journalism have been positive corollaries of a memorable fraud in the history of science.

Actual medicine against the radiation

The damages inflicted by the radiation are one of the most terrifying aspects in a nuclear, but much more common catastrophe, the patients of cancer suffer the uncomfortable effects (that they revolve you the tripes) of the radiation that are administered in an attempt of to kill to the tumor and to save the life. In what certain scientist has described as a "moment eureka", they have just imagined a new drug that have turned out to be a you arm potential very viable in the fight against the cancer and in nuclear emergencies.

Andrei Gudkov that work in the Institute Against Cancer Roswell Park, CBLB502, code that act has developed like name in this new drug that you protect to the healthy cells of the damages even caused by the radiation when this you go killing the cancer cells. The moment eureka arrived when Gudkov had the idea of putting one from the cagey tricks characteristic of the cancer to work of our side.

The trick is the apoptosis, or cellular suicide. When you are exposed to healthy cells to the radiation, even to dose that produce damages that can be fixed, that they make these instead of solving the damages you are to commit suicide. The cells of the spinal cord and those of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are particularly vulnerable.

The cells of the cancer, however, use several means to lock the apoptosis, that which allow that the cancerous tumors continue growing. One in the ways that use to lock the cellular suicide is the activation of an on the way to regulation known as NFKB, or factor-KappaB nuclear.

Imitating this trick of the tumor, Gudkov and your colleagues were able to lock the apoptosis in healthy tissues after having inserted flagelina, a protein elaborated starting from bacteria, in the tract GI stops this way to activate the road NFKB.

Then they administered your experimental drug based on flagelina in rhesus monkey and mice before exposing the animals (full-length) to similar radiation lethal dose to those that could receive during an emergency for nuclear leak. The drug, was administered between 15 minutes and one hour before the exhibition to the radiation.

The notable result of this experiment was that the spinal cord and the tract GI of these animals was protected of the typical destruction that cause the radiation, without visible side effects also took place. But what are even more excitant, is that the cancer cells died, such and like you were wanted, for the radiation treatment.

When the drug was administered based on flagelina to the mice one hour after receiving the high radiation doses, your percent of survival improved although the protection of the tissue was not as spectacular as when they were administered before the radioactive exhibition.

Gudkov has founded a company, Cleveland Biolabs Inc, with the objective of taking out this drug to the market. Your intention is to begin to use it so much in anticancer therapies like in biodefensa means. The Ministry of Defense of U.S. you are one of the several estamentos and government agencies that it finance the investigation.

They find virus that delete the brain tumors

According to the magazine Neuroscience, a group of American scientists has discovered a virus that reproduce genes specialized in the location and deletion of brain tumors in mice. But also, and one of the most important aspects is maybe that those genes leave virtually intact the healthy tissue and they center your attack exclusively in the cancer-causing cells.

According to the investigators of the School of Medicine of Yale, the technique to guide that activity of the virus, identified as "cystic stomatis", you could open the way to a new treatment for the brain cancer in human. "The studio shows that the virus can penetrate in the brain where you arrive until the cells that they have migrado taking away from the main" tumor, Harald Sontheimer, oncologist of the University of Alabama you said.

The scientists injected cancer-causing cells in the rodent ones and later they implanted the virus. By means of fluorescent proteins they saw that this was disseminated leaving to your step a trail of dead cancer-causing cells. The scientists pointed out that the virus didn't attack normal cells neither other human cells implanted in the brain of the mice.

Believe sperm human starting from embryonal feminine cells

Already enough time ago, in 2005, the creation of human embryos was achieved without necessity of sperm, boosting in a human ovum the division like you happen in an embryo without the cell of the masculine sperm contributes genetic material some.

But I still find this new advance more surprising, a group of scientific of the University of Newcastle has been able to create cells of sperm human using embryonal feminine cells mother.

Initially, the investigators had already achieved the creation of primitive cells of sperm starting from masculine bone marrow but the really surprising thing is to achieve it without the masculine genus appears for any side. The proximate challenge, is to achieve it starting from feminine bone marrow that will be plainner and more practical than to create them starting from embryos.

You are still ignored if the cell of a woman's sperm could create a healthy descendant, don't maybe have the correct quantity of genetic material. This is deduced from tests carried out in mice, where of seven breedings obtained this way, one died and the other ones six had problems of health.

Therefore, for the moment we must worry the males of our paper in the fecundation, but for sure when the technique is perfected you will be a good notice for the couples of lesbians that soon will be able to have children that share the DNA of the couple's members.

The Viruses

The term "Virus", (poison in Latin) was coined in 1897 when a Dutch bacteriologist Martinus Beijerinck, passed the juice of a diseased plant of tobacco plant through a sufficiently fine filter as to stop the bacteria, still the pettiest. The clearing liquid filtrate, an infectious invisible agent still contained able to cause the illness of the tobacco plant called "mosaic" that Beijerinck was studying. In the following years, it was found that the viruses were related with a growing number of illnesses of the human beings and the animals. But it was not but up to 1931 in that the English bacteriologist William J. Elford devised a filter the sufficiently petty thing as to catch it in that was demonstrated that the virus was a minuscule particle, of much pettier size that the pettiest cell.

The viruses are so petty that twenty-five million polio virus would fit in the head of an alfilaria - as the virus that produces the aphthous one - they can be formed for only some few molecules.

The viruses are the most primitive forms in life, depending on the definition of "life" that you prefer. They can grow and to reproduce, but they are too petty to contain the usual machinery of a living cell.

In their place, they reproduce invading cells and forcing the chemical complex machinery from these when forming more virus instead of the main substances. In fact, most of a virus - a wraparound protein protector - he/she peels off and it is outside of the cell before beginning the attack. The part of the virus that invades to the cell is a mere matter tiny piece, a molecule or two of nucleic acid, the same substance that the genes are made.

The same as the genes, the viruses can supervise the manufacturing capacity of the living cell. But the virus is kind of a pirate" "gene that takes possession of the cell for its own ends. It carries out their protein masquerading as a genetic element of the own cell. Outside of their alive guests, the viruses cannot carry out metabolic features, to move neither to reproduce.

But inside the cell, a virus can arm hundred of replies of itself with the free nucleotides that float in the cellular liquid. When the cell is overworked, these replies abort the dead wraparound, transforming each one into a new "attacker" in search of other cells. Depending on the virus and of the victim, this cellular injury it is manifested as any other illness of a long list of them that you/they affect animals, plants or human beings, and that it includes mumps, measles, polio, hydrophobia, pock, influenza and the common cold. From 1911, when Dr. Peyton Rous sampled that a form of tumor of the chickens was caused by a virus, he/she has been that these cause more than 70 types of tumors in the animals.

How the Vaccines Work

The word "vaccination" invented it in 1796 Dr. Edward Jenner who took it of Latin "vaccina", Latin name of the illness of the called cows vaccinates ("vacca" means "cow" in Latin). Jenner was the English physician that demonstrated to the world that injecting the liquid of a blister of this illness of the cows, you could be protected a person against the pock .una feared illness that killed in that time to one of each three bitter children and it blinded or it deformed many of the survivors. The vaccine was mainly a light, contracted illness for the milkmaids that milked the infected cows, but if he/she doubts it was the sufficiently similar thing to the pock like to double-cross to the human body and to make it manufacture a defensive agent that combatted both illnesses.

Basically all the vaccines against the illnesses for virus work in the same form that the monumental discovery of Jenner. They boost to the body to form an army of protective antibodies that any pathologic actual organism that enters .de later on will combat it forms similar to like one takes care medieval walled it was boosted to gather troops and to get ready for a place before the view of an extraneous band that was taken by the vanguard of the invasive army. Not it imports a lot if they are really enemy soldiers or not. The important thing is that they wake up the defenders and they prepare them to defend of an actual attack.

Each virus takes in its covered protécnica kind of a pennant of signals called antigen these warning pennants they help to that the body can recognize the enemy's nature and to calculate the type of more suitable answer. Then, certain body cells, the plasmacitos, manufactures proteins called antibodies, made specifically to be linked with the molecular setup of the antigens of the virus.

A dead virus can still take this warning pennant. Some vaccines - as that of Salk against the polio - they are made of dead virus that cannot cause damage, but that anyway they boost to the plasmacitos to produce antibodies.

Other vaccines use alive but attenuated virus. These are virus created in and lab through successive generations until they are too weak to cause illness. But the body, without recognizing that the viruses are attenuated, mobilizes a permanent army of antibodies that you/they are of guard against the most dangerous cousins in the attenuated viruses.

Some vaccines of alive virus - as that of Jenner against the pock - they contain virus that are related antigénicamente with other more dangerous viruses. The antigens or warning pennants that take in their proteid covers, are sufficiently similar to the antigens of the viruses of the illnesses like to double-cross to the defenses of the body and to make produce effective antibodies against the similar other viruses.

Myths of the Science Top 10

1. The water falls a contrario sensu in the South Hemisphere due to the wraparound of the Earth
The wraparound of the Earth is too weak as to affect to the sense in which turns the water while he/she falls in a sink. Anyone can check it easily with only to turn on the faucets of several bathrooms. In each place he/she will see as the water it forms whirls to one or another side only depending in the way of the washbasin, not of the hemisphere where he/she is.

2. The alone human beings use 10% of the brain
This difundidísimo myth already takes almost one century being even reverted in the means. Fortunately it is not certain. The investigation techniques for such images as the Magnetic Nuclear Resonance have demonstrated that the humans even make good use of the cerebral cortex when they sleep

3. A chicken can live without head
Certain, and also during enough time. A rooster can outlive without head because his cerebral trunk is often practically intact after beheading it, puediendo still to control for if same most of its motor skills.

4. In the space there is not graveness
The blame of this frequent equivocation is for the image that we have of astronauts floating inside a space ship. When an object (a satellite, a shuttle) is in orbit, it is not in ingravidez (since the graveness yes it acts) state but in state of free drop. This means that said I object in fact he/she is falling toward the Earth, but I eat their tangential speed it is so high, the floor is "curved" quicker, and therefore the object never ends up playing the floor. The graveness is everywhere, even in the space. Neither it is certain that the space is a hole. There are there outside all kinds of atoms, although often very distant.

5. A currency rushed from the high of a building could kill a person
A petty currency, as that of 5 cents of euro, is not in fact the most aerodynamic weapon that exists. Due to their form and to the friction of the wind it would only be able to reach the enough (even being heady from the high of Empire State Building to 381 meters) speed it hardly stops to cause smarting to the unfortunate pedestrian.

6. In the mature brain new cells are not generated
It has always been accepted that each human was born with a certain number of neurons that he went losing throughout the life without reserve possibility. It is certain that most of (and more important) the development of the brain happens during the childhood, but that doesn't mean that everything is below hill starting from then. The studios have demonstrated that the bigger one is even able to generate new brain cells during, and that these work correctly.

7. The men think of sex every seven seconds
The males, in evolution terms, come genetically scheduled to reproduce, but scientific method doesn't exist some to be able to measure how long of the day they spend it fantasizing. Fortunately for the world productivity, do those seven seconds only seem a coarse exaggeration, truth?

8. A ray never falls twice in the same place
In fact the lightnings take their "favorite" places, especially in the places to great height. For example to Empire State Building hits upon him some 25 times a year. Benjamin Franklin understood the concept a long time ago. He/she climbed with a metal bar on the roof of their house, to which bound until mediating earth a conductive cable. It had just invented the lightning rod.

9. The chicken broth cures the common cold
To use the word to "cure" is maybe exaggerated, but the science says that the mothers from all over the world make well when they force their children to take soup of chicken broth. The studios have found that the broth contains anti-inflammatory estates that you/they help to reduce the engorgement.

10. The hair and the nails continue growing after dead
Although the hair and the nails seem to continue growing post-mortem, this is merely an optical morbid illusion. In the death the human body becomes dehydrated severely, retrayendo the skin enough how to expose the nails and the hair more than the habitual thing.