Nano-car with molecules and nanotubes

If a virus of average size measured hundred nanometers, is even more diminutive the gimmick built by a team of U.S. experts in nanoscience, coordinated by Professor James Al. Tour of Rice University.

This is a vehicle of just 3 nanometers long and 2 wide, that is, approximately 20,000 times smaller than the thickness of a human hair. It is made from cylindrical molecules formed by carbon atoms, a whole revolution, given the difficulty carbon nanotubes unite among themselves and with other components.

For now, nano-car can move slightly on a surface atoms of gold when it receives a microdescarga electric, but its creators plan to give it an engine of photons to move faster.

They measure the conductivity of the DNA

The first question before this notice is... For what reason? and the investigators answer us that thanks to this they will be been able to detect mutations.

To achieve it, they have wired the DNA between two nanotubos of carbon, like one can see in the image, and they have been able to measure the capacity of the molecule to take electricity circulating. According to the investigators, a single base chemistry of the DNA can change the submitted of this drastically, this way, they could be identified linked illnesses quickly to the mutations.

In spite of everything, the measurement of the electric states of DNA has been difficult because the molecule and your riders to the electrodes spread to be very brittle. But in the new studio, Colin Nuckolls, chemistry professor in the University of Columbia, in New York and Jacqueline Barton, chemistry professor in Caltech, they were able to develop a method for the biosafety of the molecules connecting alone to the walls of the nanotubos of carbon that act as the electrodes in a minuscule circuit, the links are this way, the quite robust ones as to resist electric enormous fields.

The system is still very novel, and they will have years to pass to demonstrate your actual effectiveness and your practical applications.

Origin of the Blue Eyes

European scientists determined that you registered an evolutionary mutation behind between six thousand and ten thousand years. Originally, all the people had dark eyes

When was the first person of the world born in having blue eyes? According to a studio carried out by experts of the University of Copenhagen, the historical origin of the genetic modification that generated the blue eyes of all the inhabitants of the planet happened behind between 6 and 10.000 years. Of that communio ancestro all the man and wife of blue eyes of the descend
Earth.

As you publish the place saludyciencias.com.ar, the studio carried out by the cientíricos consisted on to analyze and to compare exemplary samples of DNA mitocondrial coming from people of varied colors of eyes coming from diverse countries.

Originally, people had the brown eyes, the Professor affirmed Hans Eiberg of Departmento of Cellular and Molecular Medicine of the University. A genetic random modification affected to the well-known gene as "OCA2" that derived in that you/they stopped to work other responsible genes of generating the brown eyes.

The gene OCA2 is the responsible one of encoding the named protein "P" that are directly related with the production of melanin, the pigment that give color to the skin, the hair and also the eyes. With less melanin the brown color is diluted and you go appearing the blue.

Eiberg underlined that, according to your opinion, this mutation is relatively neuter in terms of representing enhancements or disadvantages in the career of the genetic survival and in the evolution. Something similar to what happen with peeled people or that they have blemishes in the skin you would Be the result of the random constant mutations that prove and the mother nature discards.

The work of the scientists from Denmark was published in the edition of January of the scientific magazine Human Genetics.

The Viruses

The term "Virus", (poison in Latin) was coined in 1897 when a Dutch bacteriologist Martinus Beijerinck, passed the juice of a diseased plant of tobacco plant through a sufficiently fine filter as to stop the bacteria, still the pettiest. The clearing liquid filtrate, an infectious invisible agent still contained able to cause the illness of the tobacco plant called "mosaic" that Beijerinck was studying. In the following years, it was found that the viruses were related with a growing number of illnesses of the human beings and the animals. But it was not but up to 1931 in that the English bacteriologist William J. Elford devised a filter the sufficiently petty thing as to catch it in that was demonstrated that the virus was a minuscule particle, of much pettier size that the pettiest cell.

The viruses are so petty that twenty-five million polio virus would fit in the head of an alfilaria - as the virus that produces the aphthous one - they can be formed for only some few molecules.

The viruses are the most primitive forms in life, depending on the definition of "life" that you prefer. They can grow and to reproduce, but they are too petty to contain the usual machinery of a living cell.

In their place, they reproduce invading cells and forcing the chemical complex machinery from these when forming more virus instead of the main substances. In fact, most of a virus - a wraparound protein protector - he/she peels off and it is outside of the cell before beginning the attack. The part of the virus that invades to the cell is a mere matter tiny piece, a molecule or two of nucleic acid, the same substance that the genes are made.

The same as the genes, the viruses can supervise the manufacturing capacity of the living cell. But the virus is kind of a pirate" "gene that takes possession of the cell for its own ends. It carries out their protein masquerading as a genetic element of the own cell. Outside of their alive guests, the viruses cannot carry out metabolic features, to move neither to reproduce.

But inside the cell, a virus can arm hundred of replies of itself with the free nucleotides that float in the cellular liquid. When the cell is overworked, these replies abort the dead wraparound, transforming each one into a new "attacker" in search of other cells. Depending on the virus and of the victim, this cellular injury it is manifested as any other illness of a long list of them that you/they affect animals, plants or human beings, and that it includes mumps, measles, polio, hydrophobia, pock, influenza and the common cold. From 1911, when Dr. Peyton Rous sampled that a form of tumor of the chickens was caused by a virus, he/she has been that these cause more than 70 types of tumors in the animals.